<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html dir="ltr" class="client-js" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"><head>
<title>Impulse response - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.19wmf1">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit">
<link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/apple-touch-icon.png">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/favicon.ico">
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)">
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd">
<link rel="copyright" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load_002.css" type="text/css" media="all">
<style type="text/css" media="all">.js-messagebox{margin:1em 5%;padding:0.5em 2.5%;border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:#fcfcfc;font-size:0.8em}.js-messagebox .js-messagebox-group{margin:1px;padding:0.5em 2.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd}.js-messagebox .js-messagebox-group:last-child{border-bottom:thin none transparent}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:8b08bdc91c52a9ffba396dccfb5b473c */

.mw-mah-wrapper a{cursor:pointer}.mw-mah-wrapper .mah-helpful-state{background:transparent url() left center no-repeat;background:transparent url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/MarkAsHelpful/modules/ext.markAsHelpful/images/mah-helpful-dull.png?2012-02-10T22:33:20Z) left center no-repeat!ie;padding-left:18px}.mw-mah-wrapper .mah-helpful-state:hover{background:transparent url() left center no-repeat;background:transparent url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/MarkAsHelpful/modules/ext.markAsHelpful/images/mah-helpful-hover.png?2012-02-10T22:33:20Z) left center no-repeat!ie}.mw-mah-wrapper .mah-helpful-marked-state{background:transparent url() left center no-repeat;background:transparent url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/MarkAsHelpful/modules/ext.markAsHelpful/images/mah-helpful-marked.png?2012-02-10T22:33:20Z) left center no-repeat!ie;padding-left:18px}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:f84c9f0150f1a0268dff9eea57676fe7 */

.mw-collapsible-toggle{float:right} li .mw-collapsible-toggle{float:none} .mw-collapsible-toggle-li{list-style:none}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:4250852ed2349a0d4d0fc6509a3e7d4c */

.suggestions{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:0;border:none;z-index:1099;padding:0;margin:-1px -1px 0 0} html > body .suggestions{margin:-1px 0 0 0}.suggestions-special{position:relative;background-color:white;font-size:0.8em;cursor:pointer;border:solid 1px #aaaaaa;padding:0;margin:0;margin-top:-2px;display:none;padding:0.25em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em}.suggestions-results{background-color:white;font-size:0.8em;cursor:pointer;border:solid 1px #aaaaaa;padding:0;margin:0}.suggestions-result{color:black;margin:0;line-height:1.5em;padding:0.01em 0.25em;text-align:left}.suggestions-result-current{background-color:#4C59A6;color:white}.suggestions-special .special-label{font-size:0.8em;color:gray;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-query{color:black;font-style:italic;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-hover{background-color:silver}.suggestions-result-current .special-label,.suggestions-result-current .special-query{color:white}.autoellipsis-matched,.highlight{font-weight:bold}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:d3d0fccf9f8cf3b31866dd3fd3326a6a */

#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div.portal{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/Vector/modules/images/portal-break.png?2012-02-10T22:33:20Z)!ie;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;padding:0.25em 0 !important;margin:-11px 9px 10px 11px}#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div.portal h5{color:#4D4D4D;font-weight:normal;background:url() left center no-repeat;background:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/Vector/modules/images/open.png?2012-02-10T22:33:20Z) left center no-repeat!ie;padding:4px 0 3px 1.5em;margin-bottom:0px}#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div.collapsed h5{color:#0645AD;background:url() left center no-repeat;background:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/Vector/modules/images/closed-ltr.png?2012-02-10T22:33:20Z) left center no-repeat!ie;margin-bottom:0px}#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div h5:hover{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none}#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div.collapsed h5:hover{text-decoration:underline}#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div.portal div.body{background:none !important;padding-top:0px;display:none}#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div.persistent div.body{display:block}#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div.first h5{display:none}#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div.persistent h5{background:none !important;padding-left:0.7em;cursor:default}#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div.portal div.body ul li{padding:0.25em 0}#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div.first{background-image:none;margin-top:0px}#mw-panel.collapsible-nav div.persistent div.body{margin-left:0.5em}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:94be7fd7885192485b264edebf8ce5e0 */

.ui-helper-hidden{display:none}.ui-helper-hidden-accessible{position:absolute;left:-99999999px}.ui-helper-reset{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;outline:0;line-height:1.3;text-decoration:none;font-size:100%;list-style:none}.ui-helper-clearfix:after{content:".";display:block;height:0;clear:both;visibility:hidden}.ui-helper-clearfix{display:inline-block} * html .ui-helper-clearfix{height:1%}.ui-helper-clearfix{display:block} .ui-helper-zfix{width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;position:absolute;opacity:0;filter:Alpha(Opacity=0)} .ui-state-disabled{cursor:default !important}  .ui-icon{display:block;text-indent:-99999px;overflow:hidden;background-repeat:no-repeat}  .ui-widget-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}  .ui-widget{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:0.8em}.ui-widget .ui-widget{font-size:1em}.ui-widget input,.ui-widget select,.ui-widget textarea,.ui-widget button{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1em}.ui-widget-content{border:1px solid #cccccc;background:#f2f5f7 url() 50% top repeat-x;background:#f2f5f7 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-bg_highlight-hard_100_f2f5f7_1x100.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) 50% top repeat-x!ie;color:#362b36}.ui-widget-content a{color:#362b36}.ui-widget-header{border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb;line-height:1em;background:#ffffff url() 50% 50% repeat-x;background:#ffffff url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-bg_highlight-soft_100_ffffff_1x100.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) 50% 50% repeat-x!ie;color:#222222;font-weight:bold}.ui-widget-header a{color:#222222} .ui-state-default,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-default,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-default{border:1px solid #aed0ea;background:#d7ebf9 url() 50% 50% repeat-x;background:#d7ebf9 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-bg_highlight-hard_80_d7ebf9_1x100.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) 50% 50% repeat-x!ie;font-weight:normal;color:#2779aa}.ui-state-default a,.ui-state-default a:link,.ui-state-default a:visited{color:#2779aa;text-decoration:none}.ui-state-hover,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-hover,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-hover,.ui-state-focus,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-focus,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-focus{border:1px solid #74b2e2;background:#e4f1fb url() 50% 50% repeat-x;background:#e4f1fb url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-bg_highlight-soft_100_e4f1fb_1x100.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) 50% 50% repeat-x!ie;font-weight:normal;color:#0070a3}.ui-state-hover a,.ui-state-hover a:hover{color:#0070a3;text-decoration:none}.ui-state-active,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-active,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-active{border:1px solid #cccccc;background:#f0f0f0 url() 50% 50% repeat-x;url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-bg_inset-hard_100_f0f0f0_1x100.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) 50% 50% repeat-x!ie;font-weight:normal;color:#000000}.ui-state-active a,.ui-state-active a:link,.ui-state-active a:visited{color:#000000;text-decoration:none}.ui-widget :active{outline:none} .ui-state-highlight,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-highlight,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-highlight{border:1px solid #f9dd34;background:#ffef8f url() 50% top repeat-x;url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-bg_highlight-soft_25_ffef8f_1x100.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) 50% top repeat-x!ie;color:#363636}.ui-state-highlight a,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-highlight a,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-highlight a{color:#363636}.ui-state-error,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-error,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-error{border:1px solid #cd0a0a;background:#cd0a0a url() 50% 50% repeat-x;url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-bg_flat_15_cd0a0a_40x100.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) 50% 50% repeat-x!ie;color:#ffffff}.ui-state-error a,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-error a,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-error a{color:#ffffff}.ui-state-error-text,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-error-text,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-error-text{color:#ffffff}.ui-priority-primary,.ui-widget-content .ui-priority-primary,.ui-widget-header .ui-priority-primary{font-weight:bold}.ui-priority-secondary,.ui-widget-content .ui-priority-secondary,.ui-widget-header .ui-priority-secondary{opacity:.7;filter:Alpha(Opacity=70);font-weight:normal}.ui-state-disabled,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-disabled,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-disabled{opacity:.35;filter:Alpha(Opacity=35);background-image:none}  .ui-icon{width:16px;height:16px}.ui-icon,.ui-widget-content .ui-icon,.ui-widget-header .ui-icon{background-image:url();background-image:url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-icons_72a7cf_256x240.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z)!ie}.ui-state-default .ui-icon{background-image:url();background-image:url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-icons_3d80b3_256x240.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z)!ie}.ui-state-hover .ui-icon,.ui-state-focus .ui-icon{background-image:url();background-image:url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-icons_2694e8_256x240.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z)!ie}.ui-state-active .ui-icon{background-image:url();background-image:url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-icons_666666_256x240.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z)!ie}.ui-state-highlight .ui-icon{background-image:url();background-image:url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-icons_2e83ff_256x240.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z)!ie}.ui-state-error .ui-icon,.ui-state-error-text .ui-icon{background-image:url();background-image:url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-icons_ffffff_256x240.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z)!ie} .ui-icon-carat-1-n{background-position:0 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-ne{background-position:-16px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-e{background-position:-32px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-se{background-position:-48px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-s{background-position:-64px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-sw{background-position:-80px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-w{background-position:-96px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-nw{background-position:-112px 0}.ui-icon-carat-2-n-s{background-position:-128px 0}.ui-icon-carat-2-e-w{background-position:-144px 0}.ui-icon-triangle-1-n{background-position:0 -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-ne{background-position:-16px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-e{background-position:-32px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-se{background-position:-48px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-s{background-position:-64px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-sw{background-position:-80px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-w{background-position:-96px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-nw{background-position:-112px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-2-n-s{background-position:-128px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-2-e-w{background-position:-144px -16px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-n{background-position:0 -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-ne{background-position:-16px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-e{background-position:-32px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-se{background-position:-48px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-s{background-position:-64px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-sw{background-position:-80px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-w{background-position:-96px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-nw{background-position:-112px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-n-s{background-position:-128px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-ne-sw{background-position:-144px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-e-w{background-position:-160px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-se-nw{background-position:-176px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-n{background-position:-192px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-e{background-position:-208px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-s{background-position:-224px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-w{background-position:-240px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-n{background-position:0 -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-ne{background-position:-16px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-e{background-position:-32px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-se{background-position:-48px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-s{background-position:-64px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-sw{background-position:-80px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-w{background-position:-96px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-nw{background-position:-112px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-n-s{background-position:-128px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-ne-sw{background-position:-144px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-e-w{background-position:-160px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-se-nw{background-position:-176px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-n{background-position:-192px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-e{background-position:-208px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-s{background-position:-224px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-w{background-position:-240px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-w{background-position:0 -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-n{background-position:-16px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-e{background-position:-32px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-s{background-position:-48px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-w{background-position:-64px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-n{background-position:-80px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-e{background-position:-96px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-s{background-position:-112px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-w{background-position:-128px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-n{background-position:-144px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-e{background-position:-160px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-s{background-position:-176px -64px}.ui-icon-arrow-4{background-position:0 -80px}.ui-icon-arrow-4-diag{background-position:-16px -80px}.ui-icon-extlink{background-position:-32px -80px}.ui-icon-newwin{background-position:-48px -80px}.ui-icon-refresh{background-position:-64px -80px}.ui-icon-shuffle{background-position:-80px -80px}.ui-icon-transfer-e-w{background-position:-96px -80px}.ui-icon-transferthick-e-w{background-position:-112px -80px}.ui-icon-folder-collapsed{background-position:0 -96px}.ui-icon-folder-open{background-position:-16px -96px}.ui-icon-document{background-position:-32px -96px}.ui-icon-document-b{background-position:-48px -96px}.ui-icon-note{background-position:-64px -96px}.ui-icon-mail-closed{background-position:-80px -96px}.ui-icon-mail-open{background-position:-96px -96px}.ui-icon-suitcase{background-position:-112px -96px}.ui-icon-comment{background-position:-128px -96px}.ui-icon-person{background-position:-144px -96px}.ui-icon-print{background-position:-160px -96px}.ui-icon-trash{background-position:-176px -96px}.ui-icon-locked{background-position:-192px -96px}.ui-icon-unlocked{background-position:-208px -96px}.ui-icon-bookmark{background-position:-224px -96px}.ui-icon-tag{background-position:-240px -96px}.ui-icon-home{background-position:0 -112px}.ui-icon-flag{background-position:-16px -112px}.ui-icon-calendar{background-position:-32px -112px}.ui-icon-cart{background-position:-48px -112px}.ui-icon-pencil{background-position:-64px -112px}.ui-icon-clock{background-position:-80px -112px}.ui-icon-disk{background-position:-96px -112px}.ui-icon-calculator{background-position:-112px -112px}.ui-icon-zoomin{background-position:-128px -112px}.ui-icon-zoomout{background-position:-144px -112px}.ui-icon-search{background-position:-160px -112px}.ui-icon-wrench{background-position:-176px -112px}.ui-icon-gear{background-position:-192px -112px}.ui-icon-heart{background-position:-208px -112px}.ui-icon-star{background-position:-224px -112px}.ui-icon-link{background-position:-240px -112px}.ui-icon-cancel{background-position:0 -128px}.ui-icon-plus{background-position:-16px -128px}.ui-icon-plusthick{background-position:-32px -128px}.ui-icon-minus{background-position:-48px -128px}.ui-icon-minusthick{background-position:-64px -128px}.ui-icon-close{background-position:-80px -128px}.ui-icon-closethick{background-position:-96px -128px}.ui-icon-key{background-position:-112px -128px}.ui-icon-lightbulb{background-position:-128px -128px}.ui-icon-scissors{background-position:-144px -128px}.ui-icon-clipboard{background-position:-160px -128px}.ui-icon-copy{background-position:-176px -128px}.ui-icon-contact{background-position:-192px -128px}.ui-icon-image{background-position:-208px -128px}.ui-icon-video{background-position:-224px -128px}.ui-icon-script{background-position:-240px -128px}.ui-icon-alert{background-position:0 -144px}.ui-icon-info{background-position:-16px -144px}.ui-icon-notice{background-position:-32px -144px}.ui-icon-help{background-position:-48px -144px}.ui-icon-check{background-position:-64px -144px}.ui-icon-bullet{background-position:-80px -144px}.ui-icon-radio-off{background-position:-96px -144px}.ui-icon-radio-on{background-position:-112px -144px}.ui-icon-pin-w{background-position:-128px -144px}.ui-icon-pin-s{background-position:-144px -144px}.ui-icon-play{background-position:0 -160px}.ui-icon-pause{background-position:-16px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-next{background-position:-32px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-prev{background-position:-48px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-end{background-position:-64px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-start{background-position:-80px -160px} .ui-icon-seek-first{background-position:-80px -160px}.ui-icon-stop{background-position:-96px -160px}.ui-icon-eject{background-position:-112px -160px}.ui-icon-volume-off{background-position:-128px -160px}.ui-icon-volume-on{background-position:-144px -160px}.ui-icon-power{background-position:0 -176px}.ui-icon-signal-diag{background-position:-16px -176px}.ui-icon-signal{background-position:-32px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-0{background-position:-48px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-1{background-position:-64px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-2{background-position:-80px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-3{background-position:-96px -176px}.ui-icon-circle-plus{background-position:0 -192px}.ui-icon-circle-minus{background-position:-16px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-close{background-position:-32px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-e{background-position:-48px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-s{background-position:-64px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-w{background-position:-80px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-n{background-position:-96px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-e{background-position:-112px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-s{background-position:-128px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-w{background-position:-144px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-n{background-position:-160px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-zoomin{background-position:-176px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-zoomout{background-position:-192px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-check{background-position:-208px -192px}.ui-icon-circlesmall-plus{background-position:0 -208px}.ui-icon-circlesmall-minus{background-position:-16px -208px}.ui-icon-circlesmall-close{background-position:-32px -208px}.ui-icon-squaresmall-plus{background-position:-48px -208px}.ui-icon-squaresmall-minus{background-position:-64px -208px}.ui-icon-squaresmall-close{background-position:-80px -208px}.ui-icon-grip-dotted-vertical{background-position:0 -224px}.ui-icon-grip-dotted-horizontal{background-position:-16px -224px}.ui-icon-grip-solid-vertical{background-position:-32px -224px}.ui-icon-grip-solid-horizontal{background-position:-48px -224px}.ui-icon-gripsmall-diagonal-se{background-position:-64px -224px}.ui-icon-grip-diagonal-se{background-position:-80px -224px}  .ui-corner-tl{-moz-border-radius-topleft:0;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:0}.ui-corner-tr{-moz-border-radius-topright:0;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:0}.ui-corner-bl{-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:0;-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:0}.ui-corner-br{-moz-border-radius-bottomright:0;-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius:0}.ui-corner-top{-moz-border-radius-topleft:0;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:0;-moz-border-radius-topright:0;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:0}.ui-corner-bottom{-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:0;-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:0;-moz-border-radius-bottomright:0;-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius:0}.ui-corner-right{-moz-border-radius-topright:0;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:0;-moz-border-radius-bottomright:0;-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius:0}.ui-corner-left{-moz-border-radius-topleft:0;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:0;-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:0;-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:0}.ui-corner-all{-moz-border-radius:0;-webkit-border-radius:0} .ui-widget-overlay{background:#000000;opacity:.75;filter:Alpha(Opacity=75)}.ui-widget-shadow{margin:-7px 0 0 -7px;padding:7px;background:#000000 url() 50% 50% repeat-x;background:#000000 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/ui-bg_flat_70_000000_40x100.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) 50% 50% repeat-x!ie;opacity:.20;filter:Alpha(Opacity=20);-moz-border-radius:8px;-webkit-border-radius:8px;border-radius:8px}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:fc74580fd5f3699ecb68e93670b2e5f4 */

.ui-button{display:inline-block;position:relative;padding:0;margin-right:.1em;text-decoration:none !important;cursor:pointer;text-align:center;zoom:1;overflow:visible} .ui-button-icon-only{width:2.2em} button.ui-button-icon-only{width:2.4em} .ui-button-icons-only{width:3.4em}button.ui-button-icons-only{width:3.7em} .ui-button .ui-button-text{display:block;line-height:1.4em}.ui-button-text-only .ui-button-text{padding:0.3em 1em 0.25em 1em}.ui-button-icon-only .ui-button-text,.ui-button-icons-only .ui-button-text{padding:0.3em;text-indent:-9999999px}.ui-button-text-icon-primary .ui-button-text,.ui-button-text-icons .ui-button-text{padding:0.3em 1em 0.25em 2.1em}.ui-button-text-icon-secondary .ui-button-text,.ui-button-text-icons .ui-button-text{padding:0.3em 2.1em 0.25em 1em}.ui-button-text-icons .ui-button-text{padding-left:2.1em;padding-right:2.1em} .ui-button-text-icon .ui-button-text{padding:0.3em 1em 0.3em 2.1em} input.ui-button{padding:0.3em 1em} .ui-button-icon-only .ui-icon,.ui-button-text-icon-primary .ui-icon,.ui-button-text-icon-secondary .ui-icon,.ui-button-text-icons .ui-icon,.ui-button-text-icon .ui-icon,.ui-button-icons-only .ui-icon{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-9px}.ui-button-icon-only .ui-icon{left:50%;margin-left:-8px}.ui-button-text-icon-primary .ui-button-icon-primary,.ui-button-text-icon .ui-button-icon-primary,.ui-button-text-icons .ui-button-icon-primary,.ui-button-icons-only .ui-button-icon-primary{left:0.5em}.ui-button-text-icon-secondary .ui-button-icon-secondary,.ui-button-text-icon .ui-button-icon-secondary,.ui-button-text-icons .ui-button-icon-secondary,.ui-button-icons-only .ui-button-icon-secondary{right:0.5em} .ui-buttonset{margin-right:7px}.ui-buttonset .ui-button{margin-left:0;margin-right:-.3em} button.ui-button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0} body .ui-button{-moz-border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.4em !important;border:1px solid #a6a6a6 !important;background:#f2f2f2 url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#f2f2f2 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-off.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie;cursor:pointer;font-size:1em;line-height:1.4em;width:auto;overflow:visible}body .ui-button:hover{border-color:#6e7273;background:#e1e1e1 url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#e1e1e1 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-over.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}body .ui-button:active,body .ui-button:focus{border-color:#707271;background:#bfbfbf url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#bfbfbf url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-down.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}body .ui-button.disabled{color:#7f7f7f;border-color:#cccccc;background:#f2f2f2 url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#f2f2f2 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-disabled.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie} body button.ui-button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0} body .ui-button.ui-button-green{color:white;border-color:#97af7e !important;background:#85c940 url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#85c940 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-off-green.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}body .ui-button.ui-button-green:hover{border-color:#778e61;background:#77ad40 url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#77ad40 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-over-green.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}body .ui-button.ui-button-green:active,body .ui-button.ui-button-green:focus{border-color:#61b000;background:#54a800 url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#54a800 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-down-green.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}body .ui-button.ui-button-green.disabled{color:#7f7f7f;border-color:#b8d29f;background:#c9cfc3 url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#c9cfc3 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-disabled-green.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie} body .ui-button.ui-button-blue{color:white;border-color:#407ec9 !important;background:#407ec9 url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#407ec9 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-off-blue.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}body .ui-button.ui-button-blue:hover{border-color:#245289;background:#4071ad url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#4071ad url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-over-blue.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}body .ui-button.ui-button-blue:active,body .ui-button.ui-button-blue:focus{border-color:#003980;background:#004daa url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#004daa url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-down-blue.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}body .ui-button.ui-button-blue.disabled{border-color:#9eafc6;background:#c3c8cf url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#c3c8cf url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-disabled-blue.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie} body .ui-button.ui-button-red{color:white;border-color:#af977e !important;background:#c9404c url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#c9404c url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-off-red.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}body .ui-button.ui-button-red:hover{border-color:#8e7761;background:#ad404a url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#ad404a url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-over-red.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}body .ui-button.ui-button-red:active,body .ui-button.ui-button-red:focus{border-color:#b06100;background:#aa000f url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#aa000f url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-down-red.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}body .ui-button.ui-button-red.disabled{color:#7f7f7f;border-color:#c3acae;background:#cfc3c4 url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#cfc3c4 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/button-disabled-red.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:192d49fb1df63ad4b152628b03dac37a */

.wp-teahouse-question-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}#wp-th-question-ask{float:right}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:4f317761c19978675577a52722f48563 */

.tipsy{padding:5px;position:absolute;z-index:100000;cursor:default}.tipsy-inner{padding:5px 8px 4px 8px; background-color:#ffffff;border:solid 1px #a7d7f9;color:black;max-width:15em;border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px; }.tipsy-arrow{position:absolute;background:url() no-repeat top left;background:url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.tipsy/images/tipsy.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) no-repeat top left!ie;width:11px;height:6px} .tipsy-n .tipsy-arrow{top:0px;left:50%;margin-left:-5px} .tipsy-nw .tipsy-arrow{top:1px;left:10px} .tipsy-ne .tipsy-arrow{top:1px;right:10px} .tipsy-s .tipsy-arrow{bottom:0px;left:50%;margin-left:-5px;background-position:bottom left} .tipsy-sw .tipsy-arrow{bottom:0px;left:10px;background-position:bottom left} .tipsy-se .tipsy-arrow{bottom:0px;right:10px;background-position:bottom left} .tipsy-e .tipsy-arrow{top:50%;margin-top:-5px;right:1px;width:5px;height:11px;background-position:top right} .tipsy-w .tipsy-arrow{top:50%;margin-top:-5px;left:0px;width:6px;height:11px}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:ca687e0ebbb6d2e416f37cda89758acf */

.ui-resizable{position:relative}.ui-resizable-handle{position:absolute;font-size:0.1px;z-index:99999;display:block}.ui-resizable-disabled .ui-resizable-handle,.ui-resizable-autohide .ui-resizable-handle{display:none}.ui-resizable-n{cursor:n-resize;height:7px;width:100%;top:-5px;left:0}.ui-resizable-s{cursor:s-resize;height:7px;width:100%;bottom:-5px;left:0}.ui-resizable-e{cursor:e-resize;width:7px;right:-5px;top:0;height:100%}.ui-resizable-w{cursor:w-resize;width:7px;left:-5px;top:0;height:100%}.ui-resizable-se{cursor:se-resize;width:12px;height:12px;right:1px;bottom:1px}.ui-resizable-sw{cursor:sw-resize;width:9px;height:9px;left:-5px;bottom:-5px}.ui-resizable-nw{cursor:nw-resize;width:9px;height:9px;left:-5px;top:-5px}.ui-resizable-ne{cursor:ne-resize;width:9px;height:9px;right:-5px;top:-5px}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:c3a005c034055064ab5f5553477e56aa */

.ui-dialog{position:absolute;padding:0;width:300px}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar{padding:.75em;position:relative}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-title{float:left;margin:0}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar-close{position:absolute;right:.75em;top:50%;width:19px;margin:-10px 0 0 0;padding:1px;height:18px}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar-close span{display:block;margin:1px}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar-close:hover,.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar-close:focus{padding:0}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-content{border:0;padding:.5em 1em;background:none;overflow:auto;zoom:1}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-buttonpane{text-align:left;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background-image:none;margin:.5em 0 0 0;padding:.3em 1em .5em .4em}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-buttonpane button{float:right}.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-se{width:14px;height:14px;right:3px;bottom:3px}.ui-draggable .ui-dialog-titlebar{cursor:move} body .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar-close:hover{text-decoration:none}body .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-content .status-invalid input{border:2px solid red;padding:2px 1px}body .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar{padding:0.9em 1.4em 0.6em !important}body .ui-dialog .ui-widget-header{background:#f0f0f0 url() repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important;background:#f0f0f0 url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/titlebar-fade.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) repeat-x scroll 50% 100% !important!ie} body .ui-dialog .ui-icon-closethick{background:url() no-repeat 50% 50% !important;background:url(//en.wikipedia.org/w/resources-1.19/resources/jquery.ui/themes/vector/images/close.png?2012-02-10T22:30:00Z) no-repeat 50% 50% !important!ie}body .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-buttonpane{margin-top:0 !important;padding:0.3em 1.4em 0.5em 1.4em !important}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:6b38cb7a16a8ca29c64965bfa1c249f2 */

.articleFeedback{position:relative;display:inline-block;margin-top:1em}@media print{.articleFeedback{display:none}}.articleFeedback-panel{background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #cccccc;padding-bottom:1px}.articleFeedback-error-message{padding:3em;text-align:center}.articleFeedback-error{display:none;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #cccccc;padding-bottom:1px}.articleFeedback-lock{display:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0}.articleFeedback-pitches{float:absolute;top:1;left:1;right:1;background-color:#f9f9f9}.articleFeedback-pitch{display:none}.articleFeedback-lock{background-color:transparent}.articleFeedback-pitch-or{margin-left:0.75em;margin-right:0.25em}.articleFeedback-reject{border:none;background-color:transparent;cursor:pointer;color:#0645AD;line-height:1.4em}.articleFeedback-reject:hover{text-decoration:underline}.articleFeedback-pitch .articleFeedback-buffer{padding:0.75em 1em}.articleFeedback-panel{float:left}.articleFeedback-panel .articleFeedback-buffer{padding:0.75em 1em}.articleFeedback-title{font-size:1.4em}.articleFeedback-pitch .articleFeedback-title{font-size:1em;padding-left:28px;line-height:32px;background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/success.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:left center;margin-bottom:0.5em}.articleFeedback-pitch .articleFeedback-pop{padding:1em;margin:0;background-color:white;border:solid 1px silver; -webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px}.articleFeedback-message{margin:0.33em;font-size:1.5em}.articleFeedback-body{margin:0.5em;color:#333333}.articleFeedback-switch{cursor:pointer;color:#0645AD;float:right;line-height:1.4em;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:right center;padding-right:22px}.articleFeedback-switch:hover{text-decoration:underline}.articleFeedback-switch-form{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/form.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-switch-report{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/report.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-switch-form:hover{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/form-hover.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-switch-report:hover{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/report-hover.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-explanation,.articleFeedback-description{float:left;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0.75em}.articleFeedback-rating-labels{margin-left:10px}.articleFeedback-rating-label,.articleFeedback-rating-clear{float:left;height:21px;width:21px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;cursor:pointer}.articleFeedback-rating-label{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/star-empty.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-rating-clear{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/trash.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie;display:none}.articleFeedback-rating-labels:hover .articleFeedback-rating-clear{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/trash-hover.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-rating-label.articleFeedback-rating-label-full{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/star-full.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-expired .articleFeedback-rating-label.articleFeedback-rating-label-full{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/star-full-expired.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-rating-new .articleFeedback-rating-label.articleFeedback-rating-label-full,.articleFeedback-rating .articleFeedback-rating-label.articleFeedback-rating-label-hover-tail{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/star-new.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-rating .articleFeedback-rating-label.articleFeedback-rating-label-hover-head{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/star-new-hover.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-rating-new .articleFeedback-rating-label.articleFeedback-rating-label-down{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/star-new-down.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-rating-tooltip{float:left;width:12em;margin-left:12px;color:#999999;font-size:0.9em;display:none}.articleFeedback-rating{float:left;width:11em;height:5em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.articleFeedback-rating-average{float:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:2em;text-align:right;font-size:0.8em;line-height:17px}.articleFeedback-rating-meter{float:left;height:17px;width:104px;border:solid 1px #cccccc;border-radius:3px;background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/segment-empty.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie;background-repeat:repeat-x;background-position:center left;overflow:hidden}.articleFeedback-rating-meter div{float:left;height:17px;background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/segment-full.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie;background-repeat:repeat-x;background-position:center left}.articleFeedback-rating-count{float:right;font-size:0.8em;color:#999999;cursor:default;margin-right:1em}.articleFeedback-label{cursor:pointer;padding-left:20px;background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/question.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center left}.articleFeedback-label:hover{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/question-hover.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-submit{float:right}.articleFeedback-expertise-disabled,.articleFeedback-helpimprove-disabled{color:silver}.articleFeedback-expertise{float:left;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-top:0.75em}.articleFeedback-expertise input{float:left;margin-bottom:0.5em;clear:both;cursor:pointer}.articleFeedback-expertise label{margin-left:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;float:left;line-height:1.4em;cursor:pointer}.articleFeedback-expertise-options{clear:both;display:none}.articleFeedback-expertise-options input{display:block;clear:both;margin-left:2em}.articleFeedback-expertise-options label{line-height:1.6em}.articleFeedback-expertise-options .articleFeedback-helpimprove-email{width:20em;margin-left:4em;margin-top:0.25em;cursor:text}.articleFeedback-helpimprove-note{margin-left:4em;font-size:0.8em;clear:both}.articleFeedback-helpimprove-email.valid{background-color:#C0FFC0}.articleFeedback-helpimprove-email.invalid{background-color:#FFC0C0}.articleFeedback-pending,.articleFeedback-success{float:right}.articleFeedback-pending span,.articleFeedback-success span{display:none;padding:12px 12px 12px 28px;font-size:0.8em;line-height:3.6em;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center left;color:green}.articleFeedback-pending span{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/attention.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-success span{background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/success.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie}.articleFeedback-expiry{display:none;border:solid 1px orange;background-color:white;padding:0.5em}.articleFeedback-expiry-title{font-size:1.2em;padding-left:28px;background-image:url();background-image:url(//bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.19/ArticleFeedback/modules/jquery.articleFeedback/images/alert.png?2012-02-10T22:31:40Z)!ie;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center left}.articleFeedback-expiry-message{padding-left:28px;color:#777777}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:765bb27c9012ebe2e0acd97f1a3c885a */

#articleFeedback-dialog{padding:2em;padding-top:1em}.articleFeedback-survey-disclaimer{font-weight:normal; font-style:italic}.articleFeedback-survey-disclaimer a{color:#0645AD; }

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:dc196b791bc596864c79249f49472c3c */</style><meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load.css" type="text/css" media="all">
<style type="text/css" media="all">a:lang(ar),a:lang(ckb),a:lang(fa),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none}a.new,#quickbar a.new{color:#ba0000}

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:c88e2bcd56513749bec09a7e29cb3ffa */</style>

<script src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load_006.php" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load_010.php" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">if(window.mw){
mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Impulse_response","wgTitle":"Impulse response","wgCurRevisionId":477685949,"wgArticleId":545825,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles needing additional references from September 2008","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011","Control theory","Time domain analysis"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgRelevantPageName":"Impulse_response","wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgSearchNamespaces":[0],"wgVectorEnabledModules":{"collapsiblenav":true,"collapsibletabs":true,"editwarning":true,"expandablesearch":false,"footercleanup":false,"sectioneditlinks":false,"simplesearch":true,"experiments":true},"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"hidesig":true,"templateEditor":false,"templates":false,"preview":false,"previewDialog":false,"publish":false,"toc":false},"wgTrackingToken":"23e631e104924b593db1edab73744174","wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-edittoken":"+\\","wikilove-anon":0,"mbEmailEnabled":true,"mbUserEmail":false,"mbIsEmailConfirmationPending":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","Geo":{"city":"","country":""},"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia"});
}</script><script type="text/javascript">if(window.mw){
mw.loader.implement("user.options",function($){mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"disablesuggest":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsection":1,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":0,"extendwatchlist":0,"externaldiff":0,"externaleditor":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"highlightbroken":1,"imagesize":2,"justify":0,"math":0,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nocache":0,"noconvertlink":0,"norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"quickbar":5,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rememberpassword":0,"rows":25,"searchlimit":20,"showhiddencats":false,"showjumplinks":1,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoc":1,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"vector","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":4,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":1,"watchdefault":0,
"watchdeletion":0,"watchlistdays":3,"watchlisthideanons":0,"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,"flaggedrevssimpleui":1,"flaggedrevsstable":0,"flaggedrevseditdiffs":true,"flaggedrevsviewdiffs":false,"vector-simplesearch":1,"useeditwarning":1,"vector-collapsiblenav":1,"usebetatoolbar":1,"usebetatoolbar-cgd":1,"wikilove-enabled":1,"variant":"en","language":"en","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":false,"searchNs15":false,"searchNs100":false,"searchNs101":false,"searchNs108":false,"searchNs109":false,"gadget-teahouse":1,"gadget-mySandbox":1});;},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function($){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","watchToken":false});;
},{},{});

/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:ecf8688ef3caaee08a2939104d260ddb */
}</script>
<script type="text/javascript">if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax"]);
}</script><script type="text/javascript" src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load_004.php"></script>
<!--[if lt IE 7]><style type="text/css">body{behavior:url("/w/skins-1.19/vector/csshover.min.htc")}</style><![endif]--><style type="text/css">.IPA, .Unicode { font-family: "Arial Unicode MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode"; }</style></head>
<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Impulse_response skin-vector action-view">
		<div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
		<div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>
		<!-- content -->
		<div id="content" class="mw-body">
			<a id="top"></a>
			<div class="js-messagebox" id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>
						<!-- sitenotice -->
			<div id="siteNotice"><div id="centralNotice" class="cn-default"><style type="text/css">

#centralNotice.collapsed #wmplaction{
  display: none;
 }

#wmplaction{
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  background-position: center left;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  padding-left: 20px;
  margin-bottom: 0.5em !important;
  background-color:#FFFFFF;
  border: solid 1px black; 
  height:90px;
}

#wmplaction-logo-02 {
  background-image: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wiki_puzzle_1_percent.svg/90px-Wiki_puzzle_1_percent.svg.png);
  height: 90px;
  width: 90px;
  background-position: top left;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
 }

a.cn-full-banner-click {
 display:block;
 position:relative;
 height:100%;
 width:100%;
}

/* Bigger bold, blue text */
#wmplaction-text {
 font-size: 1.5em;
 font-weight: bold;
 font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;
 color: #0019e8;
 padding: 1em;
 position:absolute;
 left: 215px;
 top: 15px;
 line-height: 1em;
 text-align:center;
}

#wmplaction-text:hover {
 text-decoration: underline
}

#wmplaction a {
 text-decoration: none;
}

#wmplaction div#cn-toggle-box {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 1000;
  top: .2em;
  right: .2em;
 }

</style>

<div id="wmplaction">
<a class="variable_lp cn-full-banner-click" href="http://opp.wikimedia.pl/?pk_campaign=OPP2012&amp;pk_kwd=banner-WMPLOPP201204" title="Złóż podarunek wiedzy – wesprzyj Stowarzyszenie Wikimedia Polska">
<div id="wmplaction-logo-02"></div>
<div id="wmplaction-text">
 Wikipedia: 1% podatku – 100% dostępu do wiedzy
</div>

</a>
<div id="cn-toggle-box">
<a href="#" onclick="toggleNotice();return false"><img src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/closewindow.png" alt="Close" border="0" width="13" height="13"></a>
</div>

</div></div><!-- centralNotice loads here --></div>
			<!-- /sitenotice -->
						<!-- firstHeading -->
			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">
				<span dir="auto">Impulse response</span>
			</h1>
			<!-- /firstHeading -->
			<!-- bodyContent -->
			<div id="bodyContent">
								<!-- tagline -->
				<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
				<!-- /tagline -->
								<!-- subtitle -->
				<div id="contentSub"></div>
				<!-- /subtitle -->
																<!-- jumpto -->
				<div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
					Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>,
					<a href="#p-search">search</a>
				</div>
				<!-- /jumpto -->
								<!-- bodycontent -->
				<div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en"><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" style="">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image">
<div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/50px-Question_book-new.png" width="50" height="39"></div>
</td>
<td class="mbox-text" style="">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit">improve this article</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><i>(September 2008)</i></small></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Impulse.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/300px-Impulse.png" class="thumbimage" width="300" height="199"></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Impulse.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11"></a></div>
The Impulse response from a simple audio system. Showing the original 
impulse, the response after high frequency boosting, and the response 
after low frequency boosting.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>, the <b>impulse response</b>, or <b>impulse response function (IRF)</b>, of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_system" title="Dynamic system" class="mw-redirect">dynamic system</a> is its output when presented with a brief input signal, called an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function" title="Dirac delta function">impulse</a>.
 More generally, an impulse response refers to the reaction of any 
dynamic system in response to some external change. In both cases, the 
impulse response describes the reaction of the system as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_%28mathematics%29" title="Function (mathematics)">function</a> of time (or possibly as a function of some other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_variable" title="Independent variable" class="mw-redirect">independent variable</a> that parameterizes the dynamic behavior of the system).</p>
<p>For example, the dynamic system might be a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary system</a> in orbit around a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a>;
 the external influence in this case might be another massive object 
arriving from elsewhere in the galaxy; the impulse response is the 
change in the motion of the planetary system caused by interaction with 
the new object.</p>
<p>In all these cases, the 'dynamic system' and its 'impulse response' 
may refer to actual physical objects, or to a mathematical system of 
equations describing these objects.</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle">&nbsp;[<a href="#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Mathematical_considerations"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Mathematical considerations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Practical_applications"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Practical applications</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Loudspeakers"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Loudspeakers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Digital_filtering"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Digital filtering</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Electronic_processing"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Electronic processing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Control_systems"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Control systems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Acoustic_and_audio_applications"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Acoustic and audio applications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Economics"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Economics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Mathematical considerations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Mathematical_considerations">Mathematical considerations</span></h2>
<p>Mathematically, how the impulse is described depends on whether the system is modeled in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete-time" title="Discrete-time" class="mw-redirect">discrete</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-time" title="Continuous-time" class="mw-redirect">continuous</a> time. The impulse can be modeled as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function" title="Dirac delta function">Dirac delta function</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-time" title="Continuous-time" class="mw-redirect">continuous-time</a> systems, or as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronecker_delta" title="Kronecker delta">Kronecker delta</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete-time" title="Discrete-time" class="mw-redirect">discrete-time</a> systems. The Dirac delta represents the limiting case of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_%28signal_processing%29" title="Pulse (signal processing)">pulse</a>
 made very short in time while maintaining its area or integral (thus 
giving an infinitely high peak). While this is impossible in any real 
system, it is a useful idealisation. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_analysis" title="Fourier analysis">Fourier analysis</a>
 theory, such an impulse comprises equal portions of all possible 
excitation frequencies, which makes it a convenient test probe.</p>
<p>Any system in a large class known as <i>linear, time-invariant</i> 
(LTI) is completely characterized by its impulse response. That is, for 
any input function, the output function can be calculated in terms of 
the input and the impulse response. (See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTI_system_theory" title="LTI system theory">LTI system theory</a>.) The impulse response of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_transformation" title="Linear transformation" class="mw-redirect">linear transformation</a> is the image of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac%27s_delta_function" title="Dirac's delta function" class="mw-redirect">Dirac's delta function</a> under the transformation, analogous to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_solution" title="Fundamental solution">fundamental solution</a> of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_operator" title="Partial differential operator" class="mw-redirect">partial differential operator</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform" title="Laplace transform">Laplace transform</a> of the impulse response function is known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a>. It is usually easier to analyze systems using transfer functions as opposed to impulse response functions. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform" title="Laplace transform">Laplace transform</a> of a system's output may be determined by the multiplication of the transfer function with the input function in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_plane" title="Complex plane">complex plane</a>, also known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain" title="Frequency domain">frequency domain</a>. An <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_Laplace_transform" title="Inverse Laplace transform">inverse Laplace transform</a> of this result will yield the output function in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">time domain</a>.</p>
<p>To determine an output function directly in the time domain requires the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">convolution</a>
 of the input function with the impulse response function. This requires
 the use of integrals, and is usually more difficult than simply 
multiplying two functions in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain" title="Frequency domain">frequency domain</a>.</p>
<p>The impulse response, considered as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s_function" title="Green's function">Green's function</a>, can be thought of as an "influence function:" how a point of input influences output.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Practical applications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Practical_applications">Practical applications</span></h2>
<p>In practical systems, it is not possible to produce a perfect impulse
 to serve as input for testing; therefore, a brief pulse is sometimes 
used as an approximation of an impulse. Provided that the pulse is short
 enough compared to the impulse response, the result will be close to 
the true, theoretical, impulse response. In many systems, however, 
driving with a very short strong pulse may drive the system into a 
nonlinear regime, so instead the system is driven with a pseudo-random 
sequence, and the impulse response is computed from the input and output
 signals.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Loudspeakers">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Loudspeakers">Loudspeakers</span></h3>
<p>An application that demonstrates this idea was the development of impulse response <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> testing in the 1970s. Loudspeakers suffer from phase inaccuracy, a defect unlike other measured properties such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a>.
 Phase inaccuracy is caused by (slightly) delayed frequencies/octaves 
that are mainly the result of passive cross overs (especially higher 
order filters) but are also caused by resonance, energy storage in the 
cone, the internal volume, or the enclosure panels vibrating.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
 Measuring the impulse response, which is a direct plot of this 
"time-smearing," provided a tool for use in reducing resonances by the 
use of improved materials for cones and enclosures, as well as changes 
to the speaker crossover. The need to limit input amplitude to maintain 
the linearity of the system led to the use of inputs such as 
pseudo-random <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_length_sequence" title="Maximum length sequence">maximum length sequences</a>, and to the use of computer processing to derive the impulse response.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Digital filtering">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Digital_filtering">Digital filtering</span></h3>
<p>Impulse response is a very important concept in the design of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_filters" title="Digital filters" class="mw-redirect">digital filters</a> for audio processing, because digital filters can differ from 'real' filters in often having a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-echo" title="Pre-echo">pre-echo</a>, which the ear is not accustomed to.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Electronic processing">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Electronic_processing">Electronic processing</span></h3>
<p>Impulse response analysis is a major facet of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound_imaging" title="Ultrasound imaging" class="mw-redirect">ultrasound imaging</a>, and many areas of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a>. An interesting example would be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> internet connections. DSL/Broadband services use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_filter" title="Adaptive filter">adaptive equalisation</a>
 techniques to help compensate for signal distortion and interference 
introduced by the copper phone lines used to deliver the service.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Control systems">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Control_systems">Control systems</span></h3>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">control theory</a> the impulse response is the response of a system to a Dirac delta input. This proves useful in the analysis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_systems" title="Dynamic systems" class="mw-redirect">dynamic systems</a>: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform" title="Laplace transform">Laplace transform</a> of the delta function is 1, so the impulse response is equivalent to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_Laplace_transform" title="Inverse Laplace transform">inverse Laplace transform</a> of the system's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Acoustic and audio applications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Acoustic_and_audio_applications">Acoustic and audio applications</span></h3>
<p>In acoustic and audio applications, impulse responses enable the 
acoustic characteristics of a location, such as a concert hall, to be 
captured. Various commercial packages are available containing impulse 
responses from specific locations, ranging from small rooms to large 
concert halls. These impulse responses can then be utilized in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution_reverb" title="Convolution reverb">convolution reverb</a> applications to enable the acoustic characteristics of a particular location to be applied to target audio.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Economics">Economics</span></h3>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, and especially in contemporary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_%28macroeconomics%29" title="Model (macroeconomics)" class="mw-redirect">macroeconomic modeling</a>, impulse response functions describe how the economy reacts over time to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogenous" title="Exogenous" class="mw-redirect">exogenous</a> impulses, which economists usually call '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_%28economics%29" title="Shock (economics)">shocks</a>', and are often modeled in the context of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_autoregression" title="Vector autoregression">vector autoregression</a>. Impulses that are often treated as exogenous from a macroeconomic point of view include changes in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_rate" title="Tax rate">tax rates</a>, and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a> parameters; changes in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_base" title="Monetary base">monetary base</a> or other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> parameters; changes in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_factor_productivity" title="Total factor productivity">productivity</a> or other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_function" title="Production function">technological</a> parameters; and changes in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">preferences</a>, such as the degree of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_factor" title="Discount factor" class="mw-redirect">impatience</a>. Impulse response functions describe the reaction of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogeneity_%28economics%29" title="Endogeneity (economics)">endogenous</a> macroeconomic variables such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP" title="GDP" class="mw-redirect">output</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_%28economics%29" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment#Economics" title="Investment">investment</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> at the time of the shock and over subsequent points in time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div class="column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution_reverb" title="Convolution reverb">Convolution reverb</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function" title="Dirac delta function">Dirac delta function</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_stochastic_general_equilibrium" title="Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium">Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">Frequency response</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_phenomenon" title="Gibbs phenomenon">Gibbs phenomenon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTI_system_theory" title="LTI system theory">LTI system theory</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-echo" title="Pre-echo">Pre-echo</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_analysis" title="System analysis">System analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_response" title="Step response">Step response</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_constant" title="Time constant">Time constant</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_response_function" title="Linear response function">Linear response function</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_%28oscillation%29" title="Transient (oscillation)">Transient</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_response" title="Transient response">Transient response</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_impulse_function" title="Unit impulse function" class="mw-redirect">Unit impulse function</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Alton_Everest" title="F. Alton Everest">F. Alton Everest</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=sgwg1Vwm9VUC&amp;pg=RA1-PA510&amp;dq=%22impulse+response%22+loudspeaker+testing"><i>Master Handbook of Acoustics</i></a> (Fourth ed. ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0071360972" title="Special:BookSources/0071360972">0071360972</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=sgwg1Vwm9VUC&amp;pg=RA1-PA510&amp;dq=%22impulse+response%22+loudspeaker+testing">http://books.google.com/books?id=sgwg1Vwm9VUC&amp;pg=RA1-PA510&amp;dq=%22impulse+response%22+loudspeaker+testing</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Master+Handbook+of+Acoustics&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BF.+Alton+Everest%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BF.+Alton+Everest%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=Fourth+ed.&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&amp;rft.isbn=0071360972&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsgwg1Vwm9VUC%26pg%3DRA1-PA510%26dq%3D%2522impulse%2Bresponse%2522%2Bloudspeaker%2Btesting&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Impulse_response"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=q6w7AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22impulse+response%22+%22loudspeaker+testing%22&amp;dq=%22impulse+response%22+%22loudspeaker+testing%22&amp;pgis=1"><i>Monitor: Proceedings of the Institution of Radio and Electronics Engineers Australia</i> (1976)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/projects/poririrs/">http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/projects/poririrs/</a> the Concert Hall Impulse Responses from Pori, Finland</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Helmut Lütkepohl (2008), 'Impulse response function'. <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd. ed.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">James Hamilton (1994), <i>Time Series Analysis</i>, Chapter 1, page 5. Princeton University Press.</span></li>
</ol>


<!-- 
NewPP limit report
Preprocessor node count: 1707/1000000
Post-expand include size: 13263/2048000 bytes
Template argument size: 4828/2048000 bytes
Expensive parser function count: 2/500
-->

<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:545825-0!*!0!!en!4!* and timestamp 20120312003402 -->
</div>				<!-- /bodycontent -->
								<!-- printfooter -->
				<div class="printfooter">
				Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;oldid=477685949">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;oldid=477685949</a>"				</div>
				<!-- /printfooter -->
												<!-- catlinks -->
				<div class="articleFeedback" id="mw-articlefeedback"><div class="articleFeedback-panel">	<div class="articleFeedback-buffer articleFeedback-ui">		<div class="articleFeedback-switch articleFeedback-switch-report articleFeedback-visibleWith-form" rel="report">View page ratings</div>		<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-switch articleFeedback-switch-form articleFeedback-visibleWith-report" rel="form">Rate this page</div>		<div class="articleFeedback-title articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">Rate this page</div>		<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-title articleFeedback-visibleWith-report">Page ratings</div>		<div class="articleFeedback-explanation articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article%20Feedback%20Tool" class="articleFeedback-explanation-link">What's this?</a></div>		<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-description articleFeedback-visibleWith-report">Current average ratings.</div>		<div style="clear:both;"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-ratings"><div rel="trustworthy" class="articleFeedback-rating">	<div original-title="Do you feel this page has sufficient citations and that those citations come from trustworthy sources?" class="articleFeedback-label">Trustworthy</div>	<input name="r1" type="hidden">	<div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="1"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="2"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="3"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="4"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="5"></div>		<div original-title="Remove this rating" class="articleFeedback-rating-clear"></div>	</div>	<div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-tooltip"></div>	</div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-average articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"></div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-meter articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"><div></div></div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-count articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"></div>	<div style="clear:both;"></div></div><div rel="objective" class="articleFeedback-rating">	<div original-title="Do you feel that this page shows a fair representation of all perspectives on the issue?" class="articleFeedback-label">Objective</div>	<input name="r2" type="hidden">	<div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="1"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="2"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="3"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="4"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="5"></div>		<div original-title="Remove this rating" class="articleFeedback-rating-clear"></div>	</div>	<div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-tooltip"></div>	</div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-average articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"></div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-meter articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"><div></div></div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-count articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"></div>	<div style="clear:both;"></div></div><div rel="complete" class="articleFeedback-rating">	<div original-title="Do you feel that this page covers the essential topic areas that it should?" class="articleFeedback-label">Complete</div>	<input name="r3" type="hidden">	<div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="1"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="2"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="3"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="4"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="5"></div>		<div original-title="Remove this rating" class="articleFeedback-rating-clear"></div>	</div>	<div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-tooltip"></div>	</div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-average articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"></div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-meter articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"><div></div></div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-count articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"></div>	<div style="clear:both;"></div></div><div rel="wellwritten" class="articleFeedback-rating">	<div original-title="Do you feel that this page is well-organized and well-written?" class="articleFeedback-label">Well-written</div>	<input name="r4" type="hidden">	<div class="articleFeedback-rating-labels articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="1"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="2"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="3"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="4"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-label" rel="5"></div>		<div original-title="Remove this rating" class="articleFeedback-rating-clear"></div>	</div>	<div class="articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">		<div class="articleFeedback-rating-tooltip"></div>	</div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-average articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"></div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-meter articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"><div></div></div>	<div style="display: none;" class="articleFeedback-rating-count articleFeedback-visibleWith-report"></div>	<div style="clear:both;"></div></div></div>		<div style="clear:both;"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-options">			<div class="articleFeedback-expertise articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">				<input id="articleFeedback-expertise-general" value="general" disabled="disabled" type="checkbox"><label for="articleFeedback-expertise-general" class="articleFeedback-expertise-disabled">I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)</label>				<div class="articleFeedback-expertise-options">					<div><input id="articleFeedback-expertise-studies" value="studies" type="checkbox"><label for="articleFeedback-expertise-studies">I have a relevant college/university degree</label></div>					<div><input id="articleFeedback-expertise-profession" value="profession" type="checkbox"><label for="articleFeedback-expertise-profession">It is part of my profession</label></div>					<div><input id="articleFeedback-expertise-hobby" value="hobby" type="checkbox"><label for="articleFeedback-expertise-hobby">It is a deep personal passion</label></div>					<div><input id="articleFeedback-expertise-other" value="other" type="checkbox"><label for="articleFeedback-expertise-other">The source of my knowledge is not listed here</label></div>					<div class="articleFeedback-helpimprove">						<input id="articleFeedback-expertise-helpimprove-email" value="helpimprove-email" type="checkbox">						<label for="articleFeedback-expertise-helpimprove-email">I would like to help improve Wikipedia, send me an e-mail (optional)</label>						<input placeholder="email@example.org" class="articleFeedback-helpimprove-email" type="text">						<div class="articleFeedback-helpimprove-note">We will send you a confirmation e-mail. We will not share your e-mail address with outside parties as per our <a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Feedback_privacy_statement">feedback privacy statement</a>.</div>					</div>				</div>			</div>			<div style="clear:both;"></div>		</div>		<button aria-disabled="true" role="button" class="articleFeedback-submit articleFeedback-visibleWith-form ui-button ui-widget ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-button-disabled ui-state-disabled ui-button-text-only ui-button-blue" type="submit" disabled="disabled"><span class="ui-button-text">Submit ratings</span></button>		<div class="articleFeedback-success articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"><span>Saved successfully</span></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-pending articleFeedback-visibleWith-form"><span>Your ratings have not been submitted yet</span></div>		<div style="clear:both;"></div>		<div class="articleFeedback-notices articleFeedback-visibleWith-form">			<div class="articleFeedback-expiry">				<div class="articleFeedback-expiry-title">Your ratings have expired</div>				<div class="articleFeedback-expiry-message">Please reevaluate this page and submit new ratings.</div>			</div>		</div>	</div>	<div class="articleFeedback-error"><div class="articleFeedback-error-message">An error has occurred. Please try again later.</div></div>	<div class="articleFeedback-pitches"><div rel="survey" class="articleFeedback-pitch">	<div class="articleFeedback-buffer">		<div class="articleFeedback-title">Thanks! Your ratings have been saved.</div>		<div class="articleFeedback-pop">			<div class="articleFeedback-message">Please take a moment to complete a short survey.</div>			<div class="articleFeedback-body"></div>			<button aria-disabled="false" role="button" class="articleFeedback-accept ui-button ui-widget ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-button-text-only ui-button-green"><span class="ui-button-text">Start survey</span></button>			<button class="articleFeedback-reject">Maybe later</button>		</div>	</div></div><div rel="join" class="articleFeedback-pitch">	<div class="articleFeedback-buffer">		<div class="articleFeedback-title">Thanks! Your ratings have been saved.</div>		<div class="articleFeedback-pop">			<div class="articleFeedback-message">Do you want to create an account?</div>			<div class="articleFeedback-body">An account will help you track your edits, get involved in discussions, and be a part of the community.</div>			<button aria-disabled="false" role="button" class="articleFeedback-accept ui-button ui-widget ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-button-text-only ui-button-green"><span class="ui-button-text">Create an account</span></button><span class="articleFeedback-pitch-or">or</span><button aria-disabled="false" role="button" class="articleFeedback-altAccept ui-button ui-widget ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-button-text-only ui-button-green"><span class="ui-button-text">Log in</span></button>			<button class="articleFeedback-reject">Maybe later</button>		</div>	</div></div><div rel="edit" class="articleFeedback-pitch">	<div class="articleFeedback-buffer">		<div class="articleFeedback-title">Thanks! Your ratings have been saved.</div>		<div class="articleFeedback-pop">			<div class="articleFeedback-message">Did you know that you can edit this page?</div>			<div class="articleFeedback-body"></div>			<button aria-disabled="false" role="button" class="articleFeedback-accept ui-button ui-widget ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-button-text-only ui-button-green"><span class="ui-button-text">Edit this page</span></button>			<button class="articleFeedback-reject">Maybe later</button>		</div>	</div></div></div>	<div style="clear:both;"></div></div><div class="articleFeedback-lock"></div>		</div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Control_theory" title="Category:Control theory">Control theory</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Time_domain_analysis" title="Category:Time domain analysis">Time domain analysis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2008" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2008">Articles needing additional references from September 2008</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011</a></li></ul></div></div>				<!-- /catlinks -->
												<div class="visualClear"></div>
				<!-- debughtml -->
								<!-- /debughtml -->
			</div>
			<!-- /bodyContent -->
		</div>
		<!-- /content -->
		<!-- header -->
		<div id="mw-head" class="noprint">
			
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-personal" class="">
	<h5>Personal tools</h5>
	<ul>
		<li id="pt-login"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Impulse+response" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory. [alt-shift-o]" accesskey="o">Log in / create account</a></li>
	</ul>
</div>

<!-- /0 -->
			<div id="left-navigation">
				
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-namespaces" class="vectorTabs">
	<h5>Namespaces</h5>
	<ul>
					<li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_response" title="View the content page [alt-shift-c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></span></li>
					<li id="ca-talk"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Impulse_response" title="Discussion about the content page [alt-shift-t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></span></li>
			</ul>
</div>

<!-- /0 -->

<!-- 1 -->
<div id="p-variants" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet">
	<h4>
		</h4>
	<h5><span>Variants</span><a href="#"></a></h5>
	<div class="menu">
		<ul>
					</ul>
	</div>
</div>

<!-- /1 -->
			</div>
			<div id="right-navigation">
				
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-views" class="vectorTabs">
	<h5>Views</h5>
	<ul>
					<li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_response">Read</a></span></li>
					<li id="ca-edit"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=edit" title="You can edit this page. 
Please use the preview button before saving. [alt-shift-e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></span></li>
					<li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;action=history" title="Past versions of this page [alt-shift-h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></span></li>
			</ul>
</div>

<!-- /0 -->

<!-- 1 -->
<div id="p-cactions" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet">
	<h5><span>Actions</span><a href="#"></a></h5>
	<div class="menu">
		<ul>
					</ul>
	</div>
</div>

<!-- /1 -->

<!-- 2 -->
<div id="p-search">
	<h5><label for="searchInput">Search</label></h5>
	<form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform">
				<div id="simpleSearch">
						<input autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search" tabindex="1" name="search" title="Search Wikipedia [alt-shift-f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" type="text">						<button type="submit" name="button" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="searchButton"><img src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/search-ltr.png" alt="Search"></button>								<input name="title" value="Special:Search" type="hidden">
		</div>
	</form>
</div>

<!-- /2 -->
			</div>
		</div>
		<!-- /header -->
		<!-- panel -->
			<div id="mw-panel" class="noprint collapsible-nav">
				<!-- logo -->
					<div id="p-logo"><a style="background-image: url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Wiki.png&quot;);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div>
				<!-- /logo -->
				
<!-- navigation -->
<div class="portal first persistent" id="p-navigation">
	<h5>Navigation</h5>
	<div class="body">
		<ul>
			<li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [alt-shift-z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li>
			<li id="n-contents"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li>
			<li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li>
			<li id="n-currentevents"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li>
			<li id="n-randompage"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [alt-shift-x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li>
			<li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:Landingcheck?landing_page=WMFJA085&amp;language=en&amp;utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=20101204SB002" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li>
		</ul>
	</div>
</div>

<!-- /navigation -->

<!-- SEARCH -->

<!-- /SEARCH -->

<!-- interaction -->
<div class="portal expanded" id="p-interaction">
	<h5 tabindex="2">Interaction</h5>
	<div style="display: block;" class="body">
		<ul>
			<li id="n-help"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li>
			<li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li>
			<li id="n-portal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li>
			<li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [alt-shift-r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li>
			<li id="n-contact"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact Wikipedia</a></li>
		</ul>
	</div>
</div>

<!-- /interaction -->

<!-- TOOLBOX -->
<div class="portal collapsed" id="p-tb">
	<h5 tabindex="3">Toolbox</h5>
	<div class="body">
		<ul>
			<li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Impulse_response" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [alt-shift-j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li>
			<li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Impulse_response" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [alt-shift-k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li>
			<li id="t-upload"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload" title="Upload files [alt-shift-u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li>
			<li id="t-specialpages"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [alt-shift-q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li>
			<li id="t-permalink"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;oldid=477685949" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li>
<li id="t-cite"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Cite&amp;page=Impulse_response&amp;id=477685949" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li>		<li id="t-articlefeedback"><a href="#mw-articlefeedback">Rate this page</a></li></ul>
	</div>
</div>

<!-- /TOOLBOX -->

<!-- coll-print_export -->
<div class="portal collapsed" id="p-coll-print_export">
	<h5 tabindex="4">Print/export</h5>
	<div class="body">
		<ul id="collectionPortletList"><li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Impulse+response" title="Create a book or page collection" rel="nofollow">Create a book</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;bookcmd=render_article&amp;arttitle=Impulse+response&amp;oldid=477685949&amp;writer=rl" title="Download a PDF version of this wiki page" rel="nofollow">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [alt-shift-p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li></ul>	</div>
</div>

<!-- /coll-print_export -->

<!-- LANGUAGES -->
<div class="portal expanded" id="p-lang">
	<h5 tabindex="5">Languages</h5>
	<div style="display: block;" class="body">
		<ul>
			<li class="interwiki-ar"><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="استجابة نبضية" hreflang="ar" lang="ar">العربية</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-cs"><a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulsn%C3%AD_charakteristika" title="Impulsní charakteristika" hreflang="cs" lang="cs">Česky</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulsantwort" title="Impulsantwort" hreflang="de" lang="de">Deutsch</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respuesta_a_impulso" title="Respuesta a impulso" hreflang="es" lang="es">Español</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ponse_impulsionnelle" title="Réponse impulsionnelle" hreflang="fr" lang="fr">Français</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risposta_impulsiva" title="Risposta impulsiva" hreflang="it" lang="it">Italiano</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-he"><a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="תגובת הלם" hreflang="he" lang="he">עברית</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-nl"><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulsantwoord" title="Impulsantwoord" hreflang="nl" lang="nl">Nederlands</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E5%BF%9C%E7%AD%94" title="インパルス応答" hreflang="ja" lang="ja">日本語</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charakterystyka_impulsowa" title="Charakterystyka impulsowa" hreflang="pl" lang="pl">Polski</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resposta_ao_impulso" title="Resposta ao impulso" hreflang="pt" lang="pt">Português</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Импульсная переходная функция" hreflang="ru" lang="ru">Русский</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-su"><a href="http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9spon_impuls" title="Réspon impuls" hreflang="su" lang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulssvar" title="Impulssvar" hreflang="sv" lang="sv">Svenska</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-uk"><a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Імпульсна перехідна функція" hreflang="uk" lang="uk">Українська</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-vi"><a href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1p_%E1%BB%A9ng_xung" title="Đáp ứng xung" hreflang="vi" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E6%BF%80%E5%93%8D%E5%BA%94" title="冲激响应" hreflang="zh" lang="zh">中文</a></li>
		</ul>
	</div>
</div>

<!-- /LANGUAGES -->
			</div>
		<!-- /panel -->
		<!-- footer -->
		<div id="footer">
							<ul id="footer-info">
											<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 19 February 2012 at 10:13.<br></li>
											<li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display: none;"></a>;
additional terms may apply.
See <a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_use">Terms of use</a> for details.<br>
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.<br></li><li class="noprint"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact us</a></li>
									</ul>
							<ul id="footer-places">
											<li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li>
											<li id="footer-places-about"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li>
											<li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>
											<li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="http://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impulse_response&amp;useformat=mobile" class="noprint">Mobile view</a></li>
									</ul>
										<ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
					<li id="footer-copyrightico">
						<a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/wikimedia-button.png" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" width="88" height="31"></a>
					</li>
					<li id="footer-poweredbyico">
						<a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31"></a>
					</li>
				</ul>
						<div style="clear:both"></div>
		</div>
		<!-- /footer -->
		<script src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load_007.php" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.user","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.legacy.mwsuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.vector.collapsibleNav","ext.vector.collapsibleTabs","ext.vector.editWarning","ext.vector.simpleSearch","ext.UserBuckets","ext.articleFeedback.startup","ext.articleFeedbackv5.startup","ext.markAsHelpful"], null, true);
}</script><script type="text/javascript" src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load.php"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load_009.php"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load_002.php"></script>
<script src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/index_002.php" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load_008.php" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/index.php"></script>
<script src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/a" type="text/javascript"></script><!-- Served by mw2 in 0.139 secs. -->
	

<script type="text/javascript" src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load_005.php"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="wikipedia-Impulse_response_pliki/load_003.php"></script><div class="suggestions" style="top: 71px; width: 204px; display: none; left: auto; right: 29px;"><div class="suggestions-results"></div><div class="suggestions-special"></div></div></body></html>